Derek Antrobus's guest appearances

Derek Antrobus

The Vegan Option - Vegetarianism: The Story So Far

Steven Pinker

Peter Singer

Andrew Knight

Benjamin Zephaniah

John Arnold

Deepak Kumar

Tristram Stuart

Jason BeDuhn

Ramachandra Guha

Aysha Akhtar

Dennis Kucinich

Chris Williamson

David Pearce

Armand D’Angour

Ruby Roth

OwlTail

Adam Shprintzen

In the 1800s, overlapping circles of utopians, mystics, and romantics in both Europe and America develop arguments against meat until “vegetarianism” finally becomes a real movement.  Episode 12: Radicals &amp; Romantics In the aftermath of the American and French revolutions, the sects and philosophies that embrace a “vegetable diet” multiply – from ecstatic cult to puritan crusades, to utopian community to public-spirited congregation. No longer are they isolated groups – they connect with each other in books, magazines, and letters. Until a single word catches on – “vegetarianism”. In the United States of America, Ian discovers the the vegetarian sword and shoes of a 1790s “free love” vegetarian sect in a local Massachusetts museum, and visits the failed vegan commune where Louisa May “Little Women” Alcott lived as a child. And in Salford, NW England, he walks in the footsteps of a nineteenth century vegetarian church, with local historian Derek Antrobus and the vegetarian history specialist Dr Samantha Calvert. It’s a story that also takes in the French bohemian “cult of the bearded men”, the man who invented the modern idea of Robin Hood, the woman who invented Frankenstein and his creature, Sylvester Graham, and, finally, the creation of modern vegetarianism. Play or download (65MB MP3 47min) (via iTunes) or read transcript   		 			#gallery-1 { 				margin: auto; 			} 			#gallery-1 .gallery-item { 				float: left; 				margin-top: 10px; 				text-align: center; 				width: 33%; 			} 			#gallery-1 img { 				border: 2px solid #cfcfcf; 			} 			#gallery-1 .gallery-caption { 				margin-left: 0; 			} 			/* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes/media.php */ 		 		 			 				 			 				 				The twine handle of William Dorrel’s sword, on display in Deerfields 				 			 				 			 				 				Museum director Timothy Neumann (and Dorrell’s shoes) 				 			 				 			 				 				William Dorrell’s revolution-era vegetarian shoes 				  			 				 				Of the Bible Christian church, only the steps remain 				 			 				 			 				 				Derek Antrobus &amp; Samantha Calvert in Salford Art Gallery &amp; Museum 				 			 				 			 				 				Ian talks with Mike Volmar in the home of the Fruitlands experiment 				  			 				 				The monument to Joseph Brotherton MP (CC-BY-SA PLucas58) 				 			 				 			 				 				The Fruitlands Kitchen table 				 			 				 			 				 				Farm building at Fruitlands, painted red as Louisa May described 				 Contributors:  Timothy Neumann (Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association &amp; its Memorial Hall with 1790s veggie shoes), Massachusetts USA Pierre Serna (French Revolution Institute at Panthéon-Sorbonne Paris) (Modern &amp; Contemporary History Institute, ENS) Dr Samantha Calvert (@SamCalvert) Cllr Derek Antrobus (Salford Council [local government]) (@CllrAntrobus)  See his Radical Manchester interview, History Today article &amp; book A Guiltless Feast, all on Salford’s role in vegetarian history   Dr Mike Volmar (Fruitlands, Massachusetts USA) (@Fruitlands) Dr Adam Shprintzen, (Marywood University, Scranton PA) (@VegHistory)  Readings  Charles Nodier, on Les Bardus, letter to Charles Weiss, Alphonse Lamartine, on Jean-Antoine Gleizes, in 1846 Joseph Ritson, An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food as a Moral Duty, 1802 Dr John Lambe, Water and Vegetable Diet in Consumption, Scrofula, Cancer, Asthma, and Other Chronic Diseases, 1815 Percy Bysshe Shelley, Queen Mab, 1818 Mary Shelley, Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, 1818  further discussion of Mary Shelley’s work   Anon (but probably Shelley’s friend Peacock), The Medical Advisor, and Guide to Health and Long Life, “Dinner by the Amateurs of Vegetable Diet“, 1824 Emmanuel Swedenborg, Divine Love and Wisdom, 1763 (with tweaked translation) Sylvester Graham, Lecture on Epidemic Diseases Generally, and Particularly the Spasmodic Cholera, delivered 1832-3, published 1838 Asenith Nicholson  Advert in Graham Journal of Health and Longevity, 1838 Boarding House Rules in Nature’s Own Book, 1835 (1st edn 1832)   Prof William Tyler (Amherst College), on his stay in a Grahamite boarding house, 1833 William Alcott, Boston Surgical &amp; Medical Journal (now the New England Journal of Medicine), 1836 Martha Brotherton, advert for Bible Christian cookbook “Vegetable Cookery”, in The Manchester Guardian, 1821 Joseph Brotherton  introduction to “Vegetable Cookery”, 1833 edition speech on Corn Laws, 1842 (transposed by me from Hansard back into the first person) speech recorded in Vegetarian Messenger, 1847 (transposed by me back into the first person)   Louisa May Alcott, diary, 1843 published as part of “Louisa May Alcott, her Life, Letters, and Journals” 1898  Geek Reference of the Month The debates amongst a medical profession stumbling towards usefulness are a big part of this episode, and although the Victorian Dr William Lambe (and other “water cure” fans) were wrong to think distilled water can heal, the converse is true. Polluted water can be very harmful indeed. Dr John Snow is widely known as the man who identified sewage-contaminated water as the cause of the 1854 London cholera epidemic, and removed the handle of the water pump to halt it; and as the father of epidemiology who mapped cholera cases to show this. But he was also a follower of Dr William Lambe and spent many years of his life on a vegan diet. It would have taken too long to describe all that in the show. But I wonder (and it should be possible to check) what part his belief in the importance of pure distilled water played in forming the idea that polluted water could transmit epidemic disease. Production Diary Back when this series was just an idea, the Messy Vegetarian Cook, Kip Dorrell, mentioned to me at London Vegan Meetup that she had a distant relative who ran some kind of American vegetarian sect long ago. Little did I know I’d end up photographing his shoes next to mine. It was a stroke of luck that my life took me to New England in 2015 – I hadn’t originally planned to visit anywhere in America for the series. We did try to find the hill where the Dorrelites once lived, and though we ran out of road, we ran into a woman who lived there and knew that it had once held some kind of vegetarian cult. The locals really do still tell stories about William Dorrell. We also spent half an hour looking for the grave in what’s meant to be his cemetery, but didn’t find it. It’s said to be marked “Soldier of the Revolution” – artfully eliding which side he fought on! As you can tell from the recording, it was very rainy in Salford; my next fundraising goal might include a mic with a proper windshield. Credits The curators of the two American sites we visited this episode, Timothy Neumann and Mike Volmar, gave me enormous help with the primary sources on these characters. Photographs of them are by Heidi White, who also drove me up and down Vermont and Massachusetts on the trail of vegetarian history. The theme music is by Robb Masters. The actors were Jeremy Hancock, Guillaume Blanchard, Amy Saul, Matthew Arenson, Orna Klement, and Ian Russell. The Romantic period music was by Ludvig van Beethoven – for the Bracknell Circle, his “Pastoral” Sonata No. 15 performed by Paul Pitman (PD), and for Shelley’s circle, his Piano Concerto no. 3 performed by Stefano Ligoratti (CC-BY). The Bible Christian vegetarian hymns were very kindly performed by The Choir of St. Mary’s Nottingham, directed by John Keys. The cover picture is from Asenath Nicholson’s “Nature’s Own Book”, 1848 edition. Originally broadcast on Resonance 104.4 FM March 7th 2017, with a very hoarse narration. I re-recorded once my voice had recovered. Bibliography    		1630116 		 		555IKRG2 		 		 		                  items 		1 		chicago-author-date 		 		default 		asc 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		          		http://theveganoption.org/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/  		    Antrobus, Derek. 1997. A Guiltless Feast: The Salford Bible Christian Church and the Rise of the Modern Vegetarian Movement. Salford: City of Salford, Education and Leisure.    Calvert, Samantha Jane. 2013. “Eden’s Diet: Christianity and Vegetarianism 1809-2009.” Birmingham: University of Birmingham. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk/4575/.    Philadelphia Bible-Christian Church (Philadelphia, Pa.), and Maintenance Committee. 1922. History of the Philadelphia Bible-Christian Church for the First Century of Its Existence from 1817 to 1917. Philadelphia: Lippincott.    Francis M Thompson. 1898. “The Dorrellites.” In History and Proceedings of Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Assoc., 2 (1880-1889):82–89. Deerfield, Mass.: Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association. https://archive.org/stream/historyproceedin2188pocu#page/n165/mode/2up.    Harland, William Harry, Charles Lane, and Joel Myerson. 1978. William Harry Harland’s “Bronson Alcott’s English Friends.” Richmond, Va.: Dept. of English, Virginia Commonwealth University.    Twigg, Julia. 2001. “The Vegetarian Movement in England, 1847-1981: With Particular Reference to Its Ideology.” http://www.ivu.org/history/thesis/.    Shprintzen, Adam D. 2015. The Vegetarian Crusade: The Rise of an American Reform Movement, 1817-1921. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press.    Preece, Rod. 2014. Sins of the Flesh: A History of Vegetarian Thought. Vancouver: UBC Press.    Marini, Stephen A. 1982. Radical Sects of Revolutionary New England. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.    Levitine, George. 1978. The Dawn of Bohemianism: The Barbu Rebellion and Primitivism in Neoclassical France. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.    Serna, Pierre. 2010. “Droits d’humanité, droits d’animalité à la fin du 18e siècle, ou la matrice du « racisme social » en controverse.” Dix-huitième siècle 42 (1): 247. https://doi.org/10.3917/dhs.042.0247.

<p><em>In the 1800s, overlapping circles of utopians, mystics, and romantics in both Europe and America develop arguments against meat until “vegetarianism” finally becomes a real movement. </em></p> <h2>Episode 12: Radicals &amp; Romantics</h2> <p>In the aftermath of the American and French revolutions, the sects and philosophies that embrace a “vegetable diet” multiply – from ecstatic cult to puritan crusades, to utopian community to public-spirited congregation. No longer are they isolated groups – they connect with each other in books, magazines, and letters. Until a single word catches on – “vegetarianism”.</p> <p>In the United States of America, Ian discovers the the vegetarian sword and shoes of a 1790s “free love” vegetarian sect in a local Massachusetts museum, and visits the failed vegan commune where Louisa May “Little Women” Alcott lived as a child.</p> <p>And in Salford, NW England, he walks in the footsteps of a nineteenth century vegetarian church, with local historian Derek Antrobus and the vegetarian history specialist Dr Samantha Calvert.</p> <p>It’s a story that also takes in the French bohemian “cult of the bearded men”, the man who invented the modern idea of Robin Hood, the woman who invented Frankenstein and his creature, Sylvester Graham, and, finally, the creation of modern vegetarianism.</p> <p><a href="http://feeds.soundcloud.com/stream/319889283-veganoption-veghist-ep12-radicals-romantics.mp3" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Play or download (65MB MP3 47min)</a> <a href="http://itunes.apple.com/podcast/the-vegan-option-internet/id472440610" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">(via iTunes)</a> <a href="https://theveganoption.org/2017/04/28/read-transcript-veghist-12-radicals-romantics/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">or read transcript</a> </p><p></p>  		 			#gallery-1 { 				margin: auto; 			} 			#gallery-1 .gallery-item { 				float: left; 				margin-top: 10px; 				text-align: center; 				width: 33%; 			} 			#gallery-1 img { 				border: 2px solid #cfcfcf; 			} 			#gallery-1 .gallery-caption { 				margin-left: 0; 			} 			/* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes/media.php */ 		 		 			 				<a href="https://theveganoption.org/dscn3238/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"></a> 			 				 				The twine handle of William Dorrel’s sword, on display in Deerfields 				 			 				<a href="https://theveganoption.org/dscn3223/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"></a> 			 				 				Museum director Timothy Neumann (and Dorrell’s shoes) 				 			 				<a href="https://theveganoption.org/dscn3228/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"></a> 			 				 				William Dorrell’s revolution-era vegetarian shoes 				<br/> <a href="https://theveganoption.org/dscn3037/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"></a> 			 				 				Of the Bible Christian church, only the steps remain 				 			 				<a href="https://theveganoption.org/dscn3041/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"></a> 			 				 				Derek Antrobus &amp; Samantha Calvert in Salford Art Gallery &amp; Museum 				 			 				<a href="https://theveganoption.org/dscn3240/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"></a> 			 				 				Ian talks with Mike Volmar in the home of the Fruitlands experiment 				<br/> <a href="https://theveganoption.org/768px-joseph_brotherton_grave-cc-by-sa-plucas58/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"></a> 			 				 				The monument to Joseph Brotherton MP (CC-BY-SA PLucas58) 				 			 				<a href="https://theveganoption.org/dscn3246/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"></a> 			 				 				The Fruitlands Kitchen table 				 			 				<a href="https://theveganoption.org/dscn3249_rotated/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"></a> 			 				 				Farm building at Fruitlands, painted red as Louisa May described 				<br/> <h3>Contributors:</h3> <ul> <li>Timothy Neumann (Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association &amp; its <a href="http://deerfield-ma.org/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Memorial Hall</a> with 1790s veggie shoes), Massachusetts USA</li> <li>Pierre Serna (<a href="https://ihrf.univ-paris1.fr/equipe/pierre-serna/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">French Revolution Institute at Panthéon-Sorbonne Paris</a>) (<a href="http://www.ihmc.ens.fr/-SERNA-Pierre-.html?lang=fr" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Modern &amp; Contemporary History Institute, ENS</a>)</li> <li>Dr Samantha Calvert (<a href="https://twitter.com/samcalvert" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">@SamCalvert</a>)</li> <li>Cllr Derek Antrobus (<a href="http://www.councillor.info/salford/dantrobus/20181/Default.aspx" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Salford Council</a> [local government]) (<a href="https://twitter.com/CllrAntrobus" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">@CllrAntrobus</a>) <ul> <li>See his <a href="https://radicalmanchester.wordpress.com/2009/12/03/derek-antrobus-and-the-vegetarian-movement-in-salford/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Radical Manchester interview</a>, <a href="http://www.historytoday.com/derek-antrobus/roots-vegetarianism" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">History Today article</a> &amp; book <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/title/guiltless-feast-the-salford-bible-christian-church-and-the-rise-of-the-modern-vegetarian-movement/oclc/57485162&amp;referer=brief_results" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">A Guiltless Feast</a>, all on Salford’s role in vegetarian history</li> </ul> </li> <li>Dr Mike Volmar (<a href="http://www.fruitlands.org/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Fruitlands</a>, Massachusetts USA) (<a href="http://twitter.com/Fruitlands" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">@Fruitlands</a>)</li> <li>Dr Adam Shprintzen, (<a href="http://www.marywood.edu/socsci/faculty/facdisplay.html?id=abc29fc7-9ef0-4d16-9bb2-9198aaebbbd1" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Marywood University, Scranton PA</a>) (<a href="https://twitter.com/VegHistory" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">@VegHistory</a>)</li> </ul> <h3>Readings</h3> <ul> <li>Charles Nodier, on <em>Les Bardus, </em>letter to Charles Weiss,</li> <li>Alphonse Lamartine, on Jean-Antoine Gleizes, in 1846</li> <li>Joseph Ritson, <a href="https://archive.org/stream/anessayonabstin00ritsgoog#page/n239" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food as a Moral Duty, 1802</a></li> <li>Dr John Lambe, <a href="http://ivu.org/history/england19a/lambe.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Water and Vegetable Diet in Consumption, Scrofula, Cancer, Asthma, and Other Chronic Diseases</a>, 1815</li> <li>Percy Bysshe <a href="http://www.ivu.org/history/shelley/veg.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Shelley</a>, <a href="http://www.ivu.org/history/shelley/queen-mab.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Queen Mab</a>, 1818</li> <li>Mary Shelley, <a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5twBAAAAQAAJ&amp;dq=frankenstein&amp;pg=RA1-PA79#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus</a>, 1818 <ul> <li><a href="http://www.ivu.org/history/shelley/mary.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">further discussion of Mary Shelley’s work</a></li> </ul> </li> <li>Anon (but probably Shelley’s friend Peacock), The Medical Advisor, and Guide to Health and Long Life, “<a href="https://archive.org/stream/medicaladvisera00burngoog#page/n34/mode/2up" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Dinner by the Amateurs of Vegetable Diet</a>“, 1824</li> <li>Emmanuel Swedenborg, <a href="http://www.ivu.org/history/renaissance/swedenborg.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Divine Love and Wisdom, 1763</a> (with tweaked translation)</li> <li>Sylvester Graham, <a href="https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/view/drs:7346660$57i" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Lecture on Epidemic Diseases Generally, and Particularly the Spasmodic Cholera</a>, delivered 1832-3, published 1838</li> <li>Asenith Nicholson <ul> <li>Advert in <a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HNMsAAAAYAAJ&amp;lpg=PA312&amp;ots=nWx94JEuM8&amp;dq=The%20Temperance%20House%2021%20Beekman%20street%20is%20opened%2C%20for%20the%20reception%20of%20such%20persons%20from%20abroad%2C%20as%20prefer%20a%20vegetable%20diet%2C%20and%20such%20as%20wish%20to%20make%20the%20experiment.%20Good%20accommodations%20will%20be%20given%2C%20and%20the%20latest%20and%20best%20works%20on%20Physiology%20provided.&amp;pg=PA312#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Graham Journal of Health and Longevity, 1838</a></li> <li>Boarding House Rules in <a href="https://archive.org/stream/naturesownbook00nich#page/18/mode/2up" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Nature’s Own Book, 1835</a> (1st edn 1832)</li> </ul> </li> <li>Prof William Tyler (Amherst College), on his stay in a Grahamite boarding house, 1833</li> <li>William Alcott, Boston Surgical &amp; Medical Journal (now the New England Journal of Medicine), 1836</li> <li>Martha Brotherton, advert for Bible Christian cookbook “Vegetable Cookery”, in The Manchester Guardian, 1821</li> <li>Joseph Brotherton <ul> <li><a href="https://archive.org/stream/b21530877#page/n27/mode/2up" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">introduction to “Vegetable Cookery”</a>, 1833 edition</li> <li><a href="http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1842/feb/18/corn-laws-mr-villierss-motion-total#S3V0060P0_18420218_HOC_59" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">speech on Corn Laws, 1842</a> (transposed by me from Hansard back into the first person)</li> <li>speech <a href="https://archive.org/stream/vegetarianmessen02vege#page/n14/mode/1up" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">recorded in Vegetarian Messenger</a>, 1847 (transposed by me back into the first person)</li> </ul> </li> <li>Louisa May Alcott, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38049/38049-h/38049-h.htm" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">diary, 1843</a> published as part of “Louisa May Alcott, her Life, Letters, and Journals” 1898</li> </ul> <h3>Geek Reference of the Month</h3> <p>The debates amongst a medical profession stumbling towards usefulness are a big part of this episode, and although the Victorian Dr William Lambe (and other “water cure” fans) were wrong to think distilled water can heal, the converse <em>is </em>true. Polluted water can be very harmful indeed.</p> <p><a href="http://www.johnsnowsociety.org/john-snow.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Dr John Snow</a> is widely known as the man who identified sewage-contaminated water as the cause of the 1854 London cholera epidemic, and removed the handle of the water pump to halt it; and as the father of epidemiology who mapped cholera cases to show this. But he was also <a href="http://www.ivu.org/history/england19a/snow.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">a follower of Dr William Lambe</a> and spent many years of his life on a vegan diet.</p> <p>It would have taken too long to describe all that in the show. But I wonder (and it should be possible to check) what part his belief in the importance of pure distilled water played in forming the idea that polluted water could transmit epidemic disease.</p> <h3>Production Diary</h3> <p>Back when this series was just an idea, the <a href="http://www.messyvegetariancook.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Messy Vegetarian Cook</a>, Kip Dorrell, mentioned to me at London Vegan Meetup that she had a distant relative who ran some kind of American vegetarian sect long ago. Little did I know I’d end up photographing his shoes next to mine.</p> <p>It was a stroke of luck that my life took me to New England in 2015 – I hadn’t originally planned to visit anywhere in America for the series. We did try to find the hill where the Dorrelites once lived, and though we ran out of road, we ran into a woman who lived there and knew that it had once held some kind of vegetarian cult. The locals really do still tell stories about William Dorrell.</p> <p>We also spent half an hour looking for the grave in what’s meant to be his cemetery, but didn’t find it. It’s said to be marked “Soldier of the Revolution” – artfully eliding which side he fought on!</p> <p>As you can tell from the recording, it was very rainy in Salford; my next fundraising goal might include a mic with a proper windshield.</p> <h3>Credits</h3> <p>The curators of the two American sites we visited this episode, Timothy Neumann and Mike Volmar, gave me enormous help with the primary sources on these characters. Photographs of them are by Heidi White, who also drove me up and down Vermont and Massachusetts on the trail of vegetarian history.</p> <p>The theme music is by Robb Masters. The actors were Jeremy Hancock, Guillaume Blanchard, Amy Saul, Matthew Arenson, Orna Klement, and Ian Russell.</p> <p>The Romantic period music was by Ludvig van Beethoven – for the Bracknell Circle, <a href="https://musopen.org/music/314/ludwig-van-beethoven/piano-sonata-no-15-in-d-pastoral-op-28/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">his “Pastoral” Sonata No. 15 performed by Paul Pitman (PD)</a>, and for Shelley’s circle, his <a href="https://musopen.org/music/324/ludwig-van-beethoven/piano-concerto-no3-op37/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Piano Concerto no. 3 performed by Stefano Ligoratti (CC-BY)</a>.</p> <p>The Bible Christian vegetarian hymns were very kindly <a href="https://stmaryschoirnottingham.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">performed by The Choir of St. Mary’s Nottingham</a>, directed by John Keys.</p> <p>The cover picture is from Asenath Nicholson’s “Nature’s Own Book”, 1848 edition.</p> <p><em>Originally broadcast on Resonance 104.4 FM March 7th 2017, with a very hoarse narration. I re-recorded once my voice had recovered.</em></p> <h3>Bibliography</h3>    		1630116 		 		555IKRG2 		 		 		                  items 		1 		chicago-author-date 		 		default 		asc 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		          		<a href="http://theveganoption.org/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://theveganoption.org/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/</a>  		    Antrobus, Derek. 1997. A Guiltless Feast: The Salford Bible Christian Church and the Rise of the Modern Vegetarian Movement. Salford: City of Salford, Education and Leisure.    Calvert, Samantha Jane. 2013. “Eden’s Diet: Christianity and Vegetarianism 1809-2009.” Birmingham: University of Birmingham. <a href="http://etheses.bham.ac.uk/4575/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://etheses.bham.ac.uk/4575/</a>.    Philadelphia Bible-Christian Church (Philadelphia, Pa.), and Maintenance Committee. 1922. History of the Philadelphia Bible-Christian Church for the First Century of Its Existence from 1817 to 1917. Philadelphia: Lippincott.    Francis M Thompson. 1898. “The Dorrellites.” In History and Proceedings of Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Assoc., 2 (1880-1889):82–89. Deerfield, Mass.: Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/historyproceedin2188pocu#page/n165/mode/2up" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/historyproceedin2188pocu#page/n165/mode/2up</a>.    Harland, William Harry, Charles Lane, and Joel Myerson. 1978. William Harry Harland’s “Bronson Alcott’s English Friends.” Richmond, Va.: Dept. of English, Virginia Commonwealth University.    Twigg, Julia. 2001. “The Vegetarian Movement in England, 1847-1981: With Particular Reference to Its Ideology.” <a href="http://www.ivu.org/history/thesis/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.ivu.org/history/thesis/</a>.    Shprintzen, Adam D. 2015. The Vegetarian Crusade: The Rise of an American Reform Movement, 1817-1921. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press.    Preece, Rod. 2014. Sins of the Flesh: A History of Vegetarian Thought. Vancouver: UBC Press.    Marini, Stephen A. 1982. Radical Sects of Revolutionary New England. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.    Levitine, George. 1978. The Dawn of Bohemianism: The Barbu Rebellion and Primitivism in Neoclassical France. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.    Serna, Pierre. 2010. “Droits d’humanité, droits d’animalité à la fin du 18e siècle, ou la matrice du « racisme social » en controverse.” Dix-huitième siècle 42 (1): 247. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3917/dhs.042.0247" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3917/dhs.042.0247</a>.

VegHist Ep 12: Radicals & Romantics. Bible Christians, Grahamites, and Transcendentalists